【英语】高考“动词”语法复习图解！
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I. 动词的时态：
1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：
现在时 | 过去时 | 将来时 | 过去将来时 | |
一般 | ask / asks | asked | shall/will ask | should/would ask |
进行 | am/is/are asking | was/were asking | shall/will be asking | should/would be asking |
完成 | have/has asked | had asked | shall/will have asked | should/would have asked |
完成进行 | have/has been asking | had been asking | shall/will have been asking | should/would have been asking |
2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：
I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)
2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)
I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）
3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：
两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。
4. 一般将来时的表达方式：
将来时 | 用法 | 例句 | |
1 | will/shall+动词原形 | 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 | My sister will be ten next year. |
2 | be going to+动词原形 | 含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事 | It’s going to clear up. We’re going to have a party tonight. |
3 | be + doing 进行时表示将来 | go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 | He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe? |
4 | be about to + 动词原形 | 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语 | I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close. |
5 | be to + 动词原形 | 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 | We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. |
6 | 一般现在时表示将来 | 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来 | The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening. |
Q W E R T F Y
II. 动词的被动语态：
常用被动语态 | 构成 | 常用被动语态 | 构成 | ||
1 | 一般现在时 | am/is/are asked | 6 | 过去进行时 | was/were being asked |
2 | 一般过去时 | was/were asked | 7 | 现在完成时 | have/has been asked |
3 | 一般将来时 | shall/will be asked | 8 | 过去完成时 | had been asked |
4 | 过去将来时 | should/would be asked | 9 | 将来完成时 | will/would have been asked |
5 | 现在进行时 | am/is/are being asked | 10 | 含有情态动词的 | can/must/may be asked |
注 意 事 项 | 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如： Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. | ||||
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… | |||||
下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如： The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. | |||||
下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 |
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